Optical Tracking of Anomalous Diffusion Kinetics in Polymer Microspheres

In this Letter we propose the use of whispering gallery mode resonance tracking as a label-free optical means to monitor diffusion kinetics in glassy polymer microspheres. Approximate solutions to the governing diffusion equations are derived for the case of slow relaxation and small Stefan number. Transduction of physical changes in the polymer, including formation of a rubbery layer, swelling, and dissolution, into detectable resonance shifts are described using a perturbative approach. Concrete examples of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene spheres in water are considered

A priori information and optimisation in polarimetry

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Photon statistics in single molecule orientational imaging

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Eigenfunction expansion of the electric fields in the focal region of a high numerical aperture focusing system

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Inversion of the Debye-Wolf diffraction integral using an eigenfunction representation of the electric fields in the focal region

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Cardiorespiratory Responses during Aquatic Treadmill Exercise and Land Treadmill Exercise in Adults with Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aquatic treadmill (ATM) exercise to land treadmill (LTM) exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes. Five participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D group; 4 females, 1 male; age = 51±6 years; height = 170±7 cm; weight = 96±24 kg; body fat = 31.6±2.2%) and five participants without type 2 diabetes (control group; 4 females, 1 male; age = 51±6 years; height = 170±6 cm; weight = 71±15 kg; body fat = 26.8±4.6%) completed the study. Protocols for both ATM exercise and LTM exercise began at 2 mph with 0% grade and increased by 1 mph after 5 minutes at each stage. Termination occurred after participants completed the protocol or reached 85% of heart rate reserve. Heart rate, absolute and relative VO2, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at rest and during steady-state exercise at each intensity. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. A 2 x 2 x 3 Mixed Factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significance level of .0125 were used. There was a significant difference (p2 of the two groups at 4 mph while performing the land treadmill exercise (T2D: 14.1±1.4 ml/kg/min vs. control: 18.4±1.6 ml/kg/min, p2 between participant groups or modes of exercise. Those with type 2 diabetes had an increased MAP versus those without type 2 diabetes while performing the land treadmill exercise at 2 mph (T2D: 93±3 mmHg vs. control: 81±5 mmHg, p2, and MAP respond similarly in both groups during ATM and LTM exercise at most treadmill speeds

Polarization-selective out-coupling of whispering gallery modes

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are an important platform for linear, nonlinear and quantum optical experiments. In such experiments, independent control of in- and out-coupling rates to different modes can lead to higher conversion efficiencies and greater flexibility in the generation of non-classical states based on parametric down conversion. In this work, we introduce a scheme that enables selective out-coupling of WGMs belonging to a specific polarization family, while the orthogonally polarized modes remain largely unperturbed. Our technique utilizes material birefringence in both the resonator and the coupler such that a negative (positive) birefringence allows for polarization-selective coupling to TE (TM) WGMs. We formulate a new coupling condition suitable for describing the case where the refractive indices of the resonator and the coupler are almost the same, from which we derive a criterion for polarization-selective coupling. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate our proposed method using a lithium niobate disk resonator coupled to a lithium niobate prism, where we show a \SI{22}{dB} suppression of coupling to TM modes relative to TE modes

Prediction of 7-year psychopathology from mother-infant joint attention behaviours: a nested case–control study

<br>Background: To investigate whether later diagnosis of psychiatric disorder can be predicted from analysis of mother-infant joint attention (JA) behaviours in social-communicative interaction at 12 months.</br> <br>Method: Using data from a large contemporary birth cohort, we examined 159 videos of a mother-infant interaction for joint attention behaviour when children were aged one year, sampled from within the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Fifty-three of the videos involved infants who were later considered to have a psychiatric disorder at seven years and 106 were same aged controls. Psychopathologies included in the case group were disruptive behaviour disorders, oppositional-conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, pervasive development disorder, anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using the Development and Wellbeing Assessment when the children were seven years old.</br> <br>Results: None of the three JA behaviours (shared look rate, shared attention rate and shared attention intensity) showed a significant association with the primary outcome of case–control status. Only shared look rate predicted any of the exploratory sub-diagnosis outcomes and was found to be positively associated with later oppositional-conduct disorders (OR [95% CI]: 1.5 [1.0, 2.3]; p = 0.041).</br><br>Conclusions: JA behaviours did not, in general, predict later psychopathology. However, shared look was positively associated with later oppositional-conduct disorders. This suggests that some features of JA may be early markers of later psychopathology. Further investigation will be required to determine whether any JA behaviours can be used to screen for families in need of intervention.</br&gt

Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks in a Young Binary System

Many extrasolar planets follow orbits that differ from the nearly coplanar and circular orbits found in our solar system; orbits may be eccentric or inclined with respect to the host star's equator, and the population of giant planets orbiting close to their host stars suggests significant orbital migration. There is currently no consensus on what produces such orbits. Theoretical explanations often invoke interactions with a binary companion star on an orbit that is inclined relative to the planet's orbital plane. Such mechanisms require significant mutual inclinations between planetary and binary star orbital planes. The protoplanetary disks in a few young binaries are misaligned, but these measurements are sensitive only to a small portion of the inner disk, and the three-dimensional misalignment of the bulk of the planet-forming disk mass has hitherto not been determined. Here we report that the protoplanetary disks in the young binary system HK Tau are misaligned by 60{\deg}-68{\deg}, so one or both disks are significantly inclined to the binary orbital plane. Our results demonstrate that the necessary conditions exist for misalignment-driven mechanisms to modify planetary orbits, and that these conditions are present at the time of planet formation, apparently due to the binary formation process.Comment: Published in Nature, July 31 2014. 18 pages. This version has slight differences from the final published version. Final version is available at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v511/n7511/full/nature13521.htm

In-situ 3D Micro-sensor Model using Embedded Plasmonic Island for Biosensors

The design of the microsensor system for biosensors using the plasmonic island is proposed. The sensor head is formed by the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials. The dual-mode operations of the sensor can be performed using the relationship of the changes between the electron mobility and optical phase, where the exciting environment can be light intensity (phase), electrical transient, heat, pressure, flavour and smoke, The change in light phase (intensity) in silicon and conductivity (mobility) in gold layers cause change in the output measurands. The design and simulation interpretation of the sensor is presented. The sensor manipulation using the MCM arrangement is simulated and interpreted for biosensor applications 3D imaging can also be applied to the MCM function, where the 3D in situ sensor function is possible. The sensor sensitivity of 2.0 × 10−21 cm2 V−1 s−1 (mW)−1 via simulation is obtained